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The Christian doctrine of the Trinity Latin : Trinitas , lit. This doctrine is called Trinitarianism and its adherents are called trinitarians , while its opponents are called antitrinitarians or nontrinitarians. Christian nontrinitarian positions include Unitarianism , Binitarianism and Modalism. While the developed doctrine of the Trinity is not explicit in the books that constitute the New Testament , the New Testament possesses a triadic understanding of God [7] and contains a number of Trinitarian formulas.

The Old Testament has been interpreted as referring to the Trinity in many places. One of these is the prophecy about the Messiah in Isaiah 9. This verse is also used to support the Deity of Christ. Another verse used to support the Deity of Christ is [12]. And to him was given dominion and glory and a kingdom, that all peoples, nations, and languages should serve him; his dominion is an everlasting dominion, which shall not pass away, and his kingdom one that shall not be destroyed.

Daniel ESV. Genesis ESV. People also see the Trinity when the OT refers to God’s word Psalm , his spirit Isaiah , and Wisdom Proverbs , as well as narratives such as the appearance of the three men to Abraham.

Some Church Fathers believed that a knowledge of the mystery was granted to the prophets and saints of the Old Testament, and that they identified the divine messenger of Genesis , Genesis , Genesis , Exodus and Wisdom of the sapiential books with the Son, and “the spirit of the Lord” with the Holy Spirit. Genesis 18—19 has been interpreted by Christians as a Trinitarian text.

The narrative has the Lord appearing to Abraham, who was visited by three men. Justin Martyr , and John Calvin similarly, interpreted it such that Abraham was visited by God, who was accompanied by two angels. Justin interpreted the God who visited Abraham as Jesus, the second person of the Trinity. Augustine, in contrast, held that the three visitors to Abraham were the three persons of the Trinity. Then in Genesis 19, two of the visitors were addressed by Lot in the singular: “Lot said to them, ‘Not so, my lord ‘ ” Gen.

Some [ which? This interpretation is found in Christianity as early as Justin Martyr and Melito of Sardis , and reflects ideas that were already present in Philo. While the developed doctrine of the Trinity is not explicit in the books that constitute the New Testament , the New Testament contains a number of Trinitarian formulas , including Matthew , 2 Corinthians , 1 Corinthians —5, Ephesians —6, 1 Peter , and Revelation —5. Eventually, the diverse references to God, Jesus, and the Spirit found in the New Testament were brought together to form the doctrine of the Trinity—one Godhead subsisting in three persons and one substance.

The doctrine of the Trinity was used to oppose alternative views of how the three are related and to defend the church against charges of worshiping two or three gods. Modern Biblical scholarship largely agrees that 1 John seen in Latin and Greek texts after the 4th century and found in later translations such as the King James Translation, cannot be found in the oldest Greek and Latin texts. Verse 7 is known as the Johannine Comma , which most scholars agree to be a later addition by a later copyist or what is termed a textual gloss [25] and not part of the original text.

Because there are three in Heaven that testify — the Father, the Word and the Holy Spirit — and these three are one. In the Pauline epistles , the public, collective devotional patterns towards Jesus in the early Christian community are reflective of Paul’s perspective on the divine status of Jesus in what scholars have termed a “binitarian” pattern or shape of devotional practice worship in the New Testament, in which “God” and Jesus are thematized and invoked.

Jesus is also in some verses directly called God Rom , [28] Titus , 2 Peter The Gospels depict Jesus as human through most of their narrative, but “[o]ne eventually discovers that he is a divine being manifest in flesh, and the point of the texts is in part to make his higher nature known in a kind of intellectual epiphany. The teachers of the law next to Jesus recognizes this and said. Who can forgive sins but God alone? The term can also refer to the religious act of devotion towards a deity.

In Acts, it is common for individual Christians to “call” upon the name of Jesus , 21; , an idea precedented in the Old Testament descriptions of calling on the name of YHWH as a form of prayer. The story of Stephen depicts Stephen invoking and crying out to Jesus in the final moments of his life to receive his spirit — Acts further describes a common ritual practice inducting new members into the early Jesus sect by baptizing them in Jesus’ name ; ; ; The Gospel of John has been seen as especially aimed at emphasizing Jesus’ divinity, presenting Jesus as the Logos , pre-existent and divine, from its first words: ” In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God ” John Some have suggested that John presents a hierarchy [43] [44] when he quotes Jesus as saying, “The Father is greater than I”, a statement which was appealed to by nontrinitarian groups such as Arianism.

Prior Jewish theology held that the Spirit is merely the divine presence of God himself, [48] whereas orthodox Christian theology holds that the Holy Spirit is a distinct person of God himself. This development begins early in the New Testament, as the Spirit of God receives much more emphasis and description comparably than it had in earlier Jewish writing. Whereas there are 75 references to the Spirit within the Old Testament and 35 identified in the non-biblical Dead Sea Scrolls , the New Testament, despite its significantly shorter length, mentions the Spirit times.

In addition to its larger emphasis and importance placed on the Spirit in the New Testament, the Spirit is also described in much more personalized and individualized terms than earlier. Moreover, the New Testament references often portray actions that seem to give the Spirit an intensely personal quality, probably more so than in Old Testament or ancient Jewish texts.

So, for example, the Spirit “drove” Jesus into the wilderness Mk ; compare “led” in Mt. To cite other examples of this, in Acts the Spirit alerts Peter to the arrival of visitors from Cornelius , directs the church in Antioch to send forth Barnabas and Saul —4 , guides the Jerusalem council to a decision about Gentile converts , at one point forbids Paul to missionize in Asia , and at another point warns Paul via prophetic oracles of trouble ahead in Jerusalem And after it was sold, was it not at your disposal?

Why is it that you have contrived this deed in your heart? You have not lied to man but to God. Although what became mainstream Christianity subsequently affirmed the propriety of including the Spirit as the recipient of worship as reflected in the developed form of the Nicene Creed , perhaps the closest to this in the New Testament is in Matthew and 2 Corinthians which describe the Spirit as the subject of religious ritual. As the Arian controversy was dissipating, the debate moved from the deity of Jesus Christ to the equality of the Holy Spirit with the Father and Son.

On one hand, the Pneumatomachi sect declared that the Holy Spirit was an inferior person to the Father and Son. On the other hand, the Cappadocian Fathers argued that the Holy Spirit was equal to the Father and Son in nature or substance.

Although the main text used in defense of the deity of the Holy Spirit was Matthew , Cappadocian Fathers such as Basil the Great argued from other verses such as “But Peter said, ‘Ananias, why has Satan filled your heart to lie to the Holy Spirit and to keep back for yourself part of the proceeds of the land?

While it remained unsold, did it not remain your own? You have not lied to men but to God. Another passage the Cappadocian Fathers quoted from was “By the word of the Lord the heavens were made, and by the breath of his mouth all their host” Psalm And since, according to them, [51] because only the holy God can create holy beings such as the angels, the Son and Holy Spirit must be God.

Yet another argument from the Cappadocian Fathers to prove that the Holy Spirit is of the same nature as the Father and Son comes from “For who knows a person’s thoughts except the spirit of that person, which is in him? So also no one comprehends the thoughts of God except the Spirit of God” 1 Corinthians They reasoned that this passage proves that the Holy Spirit has the same relationship to God as the spirit within us has to us.

They also combined “the servant does not know what his master is doing” John with 1 Corinthians in an attempt to show that the Holy Spirit is not the slave of God, and therefore his equal. The Pneumatomachi contradicted the Cappadocian Fathers by quoting, “Are they not all ministering spirits sent out to serve for the sake of those who are to inherit salvation? While the developed doctrine of the Trinity is not explicit in the books that constitute the New Testament , it was first formulated as early Christians attempted to understand the relationship between Jesus and God in their scriptural documents and prior traditions.

The pseudonymous Ascension of Isaiah , written sometime between the end of the first century and the beginning of the third century, possesses a “proto-trinitarian” view, such as in its narrative of how the inhabitants of the sixth heaven sing praises to “the primal Father and his Beloved Christ, and the Holy Spirit”. Justin Martyr AD — c. For example, he describes that the Son and Father are the same “being” ousia and yet are also distinct faces prosopa , anticipating the three persons hypostases that come with Tertullian and later authors.

Justin describes how Jesus, the Son, is distinguishable from the Father but also derives from the Father, using the analogy of a fire representing the Son that is lit from its source, a torch representing the Father. The first of the early Church Fathers to be recorded using the word “Trinity” was Theophilus of Antioch writing in the late 2nd century.

He defines the Trinity as God, his Word Logos and his Wisdom Sophia [62] in the context of a discussion of the first three days of creation, following the early Christian practice of identifying the Holy Spirit as the Wisdom of God.

The first defense of the doctrine of the Trinity was by Tertullian , who was born around — AD, explicitly “defined” the Trinity as Father, Son, and Holy Spirit and defended his theology against Praxeas , [64] although he noted that the majority of the believers in his day found issue with his doctrine.

Justin and Clement of Alexandria referenced all three persons of the Trinity in their doxologies and St. Basil likewise, in the evening lighting of lamps. Origen of Alexandria AD — c. Some modern researchers have argued that Origen might have actually been anti-Subordinationist and that his own Trinitarian theology inspired the Trinitarian theology of the later Cappadocian Fathers. The concept of the Trinity can be seen as developing significantly during the first four centuries by the Church Fathers in reaction to theological interpretations known as Adoptionism , Sabellianism , and Arianism.

Adoptionism was the belief that Jesus was an ordinary man, born of Joseph and Mary, who became the Christ and Son of God at his baptism. Among the nontrinitarian beliefs , the Sabellianism taught that the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit are essentially one and the same, the difference being simply verbal, describing different aspects or roles of a single being. In the fourth century, Arianism , as traditionally understood, [c] taught that the Father existed prior to the Son who was not, by nature, God but rather a changeable creature who was granted the dignity of becoming “Son of God”.

About the Father and the Son, the creed used the term homoousios of one substance to define the relationship between the Father and the Son. After more than fifty years of debate, homoousios was recognised as the hallmark of orthodoxy, and was further developed into the formula of “three persons, one being”. In the words of the creed:. We believe in one God, the Father Almighty, Maker of all things visible and invisible. And [we believe] in the Holy Ghost.

We believe in one God, the Father Almighty, Maker of heaven and earth, and of all things visible and invisible. And in the Holy Ghost, the Lord and Giver of life, who proceedeth from the Father, who with the Father and the Son together is worshiped and glorified, who spake by the prophets The doctrine of the divinity and personality of the Holy Spirit was developed by Athanasius in the last decades of his life.

In the late 6th century, some Latin-speaking churches added the words “and from the Son” Filioque to the description of the procession of the Holy Spirit, words that were not included in the text by either the Council of Nicaea or that of Constantinople. Gregory of Nazianzus would say of the Trinity, “No sooner do I conceive of the One than I am illumined by the splendour of the Three; no sooner do I distinguish Three than I am carried back into the One. When I think of any of the Three, I think of Him as the Whole, and my eyes are filled, and the greater part of what I am thinking escapes me.

I cannot grasp the greatness of that One so as to attribute a greater greatness to the rest. When I contemplate the Three together, I see but one torch, and cannot divide or measure out the undivided light.

Devotion to the Trinity centered in the French monasteries at Tours and Aniane where Saint Benedict dedicated the abbey church to the Trinity in Feast days were not instituted until at Cluny and at Canterbury and papal resistance continued until Baptism is generally conferred with the Trinitarian formula , “in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit”. Other Trinitarian formulas found in the New Testament include in 2 Corinthians , 1 Corinthians —6, Ephesians —6, 1 Peter and Revelation —5.

Oneness Pentecostals demur from the Trinitarian view of baptism and emphasize baptism “in the name of Jesus Christ” only, what they hold to be the original apostolic formula. Those who place great emphasis on the baptisms in Acts often likewise question the authenticity of Matthew in its present form.

Most scholars of New Testament textual criticism accept the authenticity of the passage, since there are no variant manuscripts regarding the formula, [34] and the extant form of the passage is attested in the Didache [81] and other patristic works of the 1st and 2nd centuries: Ignatius , [82] Tertullian , [83] Hippolytus , [84] Cyprian , [85] and Gregory Thaumaturgus.

Commenting on Matthew , Gerhard Kittel states:.

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May 10,  · It also works with macOS Big Sur or newer, macOS Catalina or newer, macOS Mojave or newer, and macOS High Sierra or newer. Parallels Desktop 17 is the company’s flagship consumer product and is available through a free trial (opens in new tab), regardless of the version you choose. The home version is $80 or $50 for. Jun 29,  · Improved compatibility with Parallels Desktop virtual machines; Clean Drive. Use this tool to get more free disk space and optimize your computer. It scans your computer and helps to delete files that can be safely removed – cache, logs, temporary files, etc. () for Windows (December 13, ) This update for Parallels Toolbox The Christian doctrine of the Trinity (Latin: Trinitas, lit. ‘triad’, from Latin: trinus ‘threefold’) defines one God existing in three coequal, coeternal, consubstantial divine persons: God the Father, God the Son (Jesus Christ) and God the Holy Spirit, three distinct persons sharing one homoousion (essence). In this context, the three persons define who God is, while the one essence defines.